Young adulthood (late 20s-30s)
· Cultural variations for reaching young adulthood:
· Some cultural have emerging adulthood, some do not (developed countries)
· In developing and rural countries, young people enter into marriage and parenthood in late teens.
· Culturally accepted criteria for adult status:
· Traditional cultures consider full adulthood marked by marriage.
· Developed countries adulthood is marriage gradual independence and self-sufficient.
What makes an adult?
· Markers of adulthood
· Accepting responsibility for oneself
· Making independent decisions
· Becoming financially independent
· Individualism
· Cultural variations of adulthood
· Israelis: complete military services
· Koreans and chinese: support parents financially.
· India: emotional self-control.
· Tradition cultural focus on marriage
· Interdependence values
Aging Begins
Changes in Aging
· Graying hair beings in young adulthood
· Thinning hair, receding hairline
· Skin becomes looser, wrinkles appear
· Cholesterol and fat being to accumulate
· Immune system ages: reduction of T cells and B cells
Overweight and obesity
Cause of obesity
· Change in basal metabolic rate
· Genetics
· Biology
· Diet
· Adult with BMI over 25 is overweight, over 30 is considered obese.
The important of exercise
· Exercise effect
· Healthy weight
· Increase metabolic rate
· Reduced risk of disease and illness
· Lower levels of anxiety (endorphins)
· Lack of exercise may be caused by busy pace of modern life.
· Less likely in low SES groups.
· (regular exercise in young adulthood reduce health risk in middle childhood.)
IQ scores and career success
· IQ scores and future success are moderately correlated
· Lowest score had work-related problems
· Highest score did well in careers
· However, much that IQ scores cannot predict.
Cultural conceptions of intelligence
Variances on what constitutes intelligence
· Chinese- intelligence includes humility
· Zambia- cooperativeness and obedience
· Zimbabwe- prudence and caution.
Expertise
· Cognitive development in young adulthood
· Focus becomes on gaining expertise
· Ten years of study needed in most fields
· Exposure to a specifics field allows problems to be addressed efficiently
· Frontal lobe maturity promotes expertise
Creating in young adulthood
· Easier to define than to measure
· Young adulthood exceptionally creative life stage
· Problem solving to problem finding
· Combine expertise with other qualities that contribute creativity
· Some rigidity can develop, causing creativity to peak in young adulthood.
Creative life stage
Young adulthood is often a life stage when creativity flourishes.
Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood Changes in Sensory Abilities
Vision declines
· Lens becomes, less flexible
· Rods and cones diminish in numbers
Hearing declines—especially for high pitched sounds
· Less flexible inner ear
Environment also plays a role
· Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood
· Changes in Sensory Abilities
Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood Changes in Reproductive Systems
· Climacteric—Fertility decline in midlife Menopause—End of monthly ovulation and menstruation
· Timing influenced by genetics
· Variety of symptoms
· Include hot flashes, headaches, and dizziness
· Culture can impact symptoms Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood Changes in Reproductive Systems
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
· Severe menopause treatment
· Effective at reducing symptoms
· Strengthens bones and reduces colon cancer
· Increased risk of stroke, heart attacks, and breast cancer
· Over 60 advised against HRT
Responses Typically enjoyed and welcomed
· Men’s changes include lowered testosterone levels, sperm quality, and quantity
· Possible evolutionary reason for no male menopause
Major health risks in middle adulthood include sleep problems, osteoporosis, cardiovascular problems, and cancer
· Sleep problems
· Common after 40 Occurs with other problems as well
· May not get enough sleep
· Osteoporosis—bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion
· Estrogen loss increases risk for women not men
· Genetics risk factor for osteoporosis Lifestyle can have an affect
· Diet and regular exercise are protective factor
Cardiovascular disease- leading cause of death among adults worldwide
· Risk factors include high fat diets, smoking, lack of physical activity
· Stress is another factor (Chronic and Acute Stress)CVD can be treated Protective factors: exercise, weight, and aspirin daily.